Governor, Governor-General & Viceroy

Chapter 35 — Complete Notes | Clive to Mountbatten

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Complete Chronological Table
Person Tenure Position Key Achievement
Lord Clive 1757–60, 1765–67 Governor, Bengal 1st Governor; Dual Govt system
Vansittart 1760–64 Governor, Bengal During Battle of Buxar
Cartier 1769–72 Governor, Bengal Bengal Famine 1770
Warren Hastings 1772–1785 Last Governor → 1st GG Bengal Ended Dual Govt; Supreme Court 1774
Lord Cornwallis 1786–93, 1805 GG Bengal Father of Civil Service; Permanent Settlement
Lord Wellesley 1798–1805 GG Bengal Subsidiary Alliance; Fort William College
Lord William Bentinck 1828–35 1st GG of India Anti-Sati 1829; English as official language
Lord Dalhousie 1848–56 GG of India Doctrine of Lapse; 1st Railway 1853
Lord Canning 1856–62 Last GG → 1st Viceroy 1857 Revolt; IPC 1860
Lord Lytton 1876–80 Viceroy Vernacular Press Act 1878
Lord Ripon 1880–84 Viceroy Local Self-Govt; Repeal VPA; Ilbert Bill
Lord Curzon 1899–1905 Viceroy Bengal Partition 1905; Multiple Commissions
Lord Hardinge II 1910–16 Viceroy Bengal Partition annulled; Capital → Delhi
Lord Chelmsford 1916–21 Viceroy Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms; Dyarchy
Lord Irwin 1926–31 Viceroy Gandhi-Irwin Pact 1931
Lord Linlithgow 1936–44 Longest Viceroy Quit India Movement 1942
Lord Wavell 1944–47 Viceroy Cabinet Mission; Shimla Conference
Lord Mountbatten 1947–48 Last Viceroy → 1st GG India 3 June Plan; Independence 15 Aug 1947
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Governors of Bengal (Before 1773)
Lord Clive (Robert Clive)
1757–60 | 1765–67
Position: 1st Governor of Bengal (post-Plassey).
Dual Government: Implemented after Buxar 1764. Ran 1765–1772 CE.
Treaty of Allahabad: Signed 1765 CE.
Impeachment: England wapas jaane par corruption charges lage.
1st Governor Bengal
Holwell
1760
Associated with Black Hole Tragedy.
Vansittart
1760–64
Governor during Battle of Buxar.
Cartier
1769–72
Governor during Bengal Famine 1770 (First Famine of Modern India).
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Governor-Generals of Bengal (1773–1833)
Warren Hastings
1772–1785
Position: Last Governor → 1st Governor-General of Bengal.
Ended Dual Govt: 1772 CE mein khatam kiya.
Calcutta GPO: 1774 CE.
Regulating Act: 1773 CE → Supreme Court Calcutta 1774. Chief Justice: Elijah Impey.
Pitt's India Act: 1784.
Policy: Father of "Ring of Fence" (Circle Policy).
Impeachment: Corruption charges on return.
1st GG Bengal
Lord Cornwallis
1786–93 | 1805
Police: Introduced Daroga System (Thana system).
Civil Service: Father of Civil Service in India.
Cornwallis Code (1793): Father of. Separated revenue from justice administration.
Permanent Settlement: Bengal 1793 CE.
Slavery Ban: Stopped export of slaves 1789 CE.
Death: Tomb in Ghazipur, UP.
Father of Civil Service
Lord Wellesley
1798–1805
Nickname: "Tiger of Bengal."
Subsidiary Alliance: Father of. Indian states = British military + gave up sovereignty.
Fort William College: 1800 CE, Calcutta (officer training).
Wars: 4th Anglo-Mysore War 1799 (Tipu killed). 2nd Anglo-Maratha War 1803–05.
States (chronology): Hyderabad 1798 → Mysore 1799 → Tanjore 1799 → Awadh 1801 → Peshwa 1801 → Bhonsle 1803 → Scindia 1804.
Father of Subsidiary Alliance
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Governor-Generals of India (1833–1858)
Charter Act 1833 ke baad — GG of India
Lord William Bentinck
1828–35
Position: 1st Governor-General of India (Charter Act 1833).
Sati abolished: 1829 CE.
Thuggee khatam: 1830.
English official language: 1835.
Calcutta Medical College: 1835.
1st Law Commission: 1835.
No discrimination: Sarkari jobs mein 1833.
1st GG of India
Lord Dalhousie
1848–56
Doctrine of Lapse: Father of. Satara 1848 (1st) → Jhansi 1853 → Nagpur 1854.
Awadh 1856: Misgovernance se liya (NOT Doctrine of Lapse).
1st Railway: 1853. 1st Telegraph: 1851. Postage Stamps: 1854.
Wood's Dispatch: 1854 (Magna Carta of Education).
PWD: Public Works Department. Public Education Dept: 1855.
Lex Loci Act 1850: Hindu → Christian convert bhi ancestral property ka haqdar.
Doctrine of Lapse — Most Annexations
Dalhousie — States Annexed (Doctrine of Lapse)
State Year Note
Satara 1848 Sabse pehle hadpa gaya
Jaitpur, Sambalpur 1849 —
Baghat 1850 —
Udaipur 1852 —
Jhansi 1853 —
Nagpur 1854 —
Awadh 1856 ⚠️ Misgovernance se liya — Doctrine of Lapse se NAHI
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Charles Metcalfe: "Liberator of Indian Press" — Press restrictions hataye.
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Viceroys — Part 1: Canning to Chelmsford
GOI Act 1858 ke baad Governor-General → Viceroy
Lord Canning
1856–62
Position: Last GG + 1st Viceroy of India.
1857 ki Kranti inke time shuru hui.
Hindu Widow Remarriage Act: 1856.
3 Universities: Bombay, Madras, Calcutta.
High Courts: Court splitting — Bombay, Madras, Calcutta.
John Mathai — Portfolios.
Lord Lytton
1876–80
Famine (1876–78): Madras + Punjab mein. Famine Commission = Richard Strachey.
Delhi Durbar 1877: Queen Victoria ko "Kaiser-i-Hind" title.
Vernacular Press Act 1878: "Gagging Act."
Civil Service age: 21 → 19 saal.
MAO College 1875: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental).
Pen Name: "Owen Meredith."
Repressive Viceroy
Lord Ripon
1880–84
Title: "Father of Local Self-Government." Florence Nightingale = "Saviour of India."
1881: 1st Factory Act. 1st Synchronous Census.
1882: Vernacular Press Act repeal. Hunter Commission (Education). Municipalities formed.
1883: Famine Code. Ilbert Bill Controversy (Indians to try European accused).
Father of Local Self-Govt | Most Liberal
Lord Curzon
1899–1905
Commissions: Famine (1899–1900), Irrigation (Sir Colin Scott Moncrieff, 1901), Police (Sir Andrew Fraser, 1902 → CID established), University (Sir Thomas Raleigh, 1902).
Ancient Monuments Act: 1904.
Indian Universities Act: 1904.
Railway Board: 1905.
Bengal Partition: 1905 — Sabse bada political blunder.
Victoria Memorial Hall: Construction started. Architect: William Emerson.
Most Commissions
Lord Hardinge II
1910–16
1911 Delhi Durbar: King George V aaya.
Bengal Partition Annulled: 1911.
Capital Shift: Calcutta → Delhi (announced 1911, official 1912).
5th Census: 1911.
WWI: July 1914 start. Gandhi wapas: 1915. BHU Chancellor: 1916.
Lord Chelmsford
1916–21
Home Rule: 1916 (Annie Besant + Tilak).
Champaran: 1917 (Gandhi).
Rowlatt Act: 1919.
Khilafat Movement: 1919.
Sadler Commission: 1917.
NCM: 1920 (CWC Approval: 4 Sep 1920).
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919): Dyarchy (Dwait Shasan) in Provinces.
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Viceroys — Part 2: Irwin to Mountbatten
Lord Irwin
1926–31
Simon Commission: Announced 1927 (London). India aaya 1928.
Assembly Bomb: 1929 — Bhagat Singh + BK Dutt.
Trade Disputes Act 1929: Strikes par rok.
Purna Swaraj: 1929, Lahore Session.
Dandi March: 12 Mar – 6 Apr 1930.
1st RTC: 1930 (Congress boycotted).
Gandhi-Irwin Pact: 5 March 1931.
Lord Linlithgow
1936–44
Sabse lamba tenure wala Viceroy.
Elections 1937: 11 provinces. Congress sarkar bani.
Tripuri 1939: Bose vs Gandhi. Forward Bloc 1939.
August Offer: 8 Aug 1940.
Individual Satyagraha: Oct 1940.
Cripps Mission: 1942.
Quit India Movement: 1942.
Longest Tenure Viceroy
Lord Wavell
1944–47
RIN Revolt: 1946, Bombay, HMIS Talwar.
Direct Action Day: 16 Aug 1946, ML.
Shimla Conference: 1945 (Failed).
Cabinet Mission: 1946.
Constituent Assembly: 1946 elections.
Interim Govt: Sep 1946 (Nehru).
Attlee's Declaration: 20 Feb 1947.
Lord Mountbatten
1947–48
Position: Last Viceroy + 1st GG of Independent India.
3 June Plan: Partition announced.
Bill in Parliament: 4 July 1947.
Royal Assent: 18 July 1947.
Independence: 15 August 1947.
Last Viceroy + 1st GG India
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Important "Firsts" & "Lasts" — Exam Favourite
Category Person Year / Note
1st Governor of Bengal Lord Clive Post-Plassey
Last Governor → 1st GG Bengal Warren Hastings 1772
1st GG of India Lord William Bentinck Charter Act 1833
Last GG → 1st Viceroy Lord Canning GOI Act 1858
Last Viceroy Lord Mountbatten 1947
1st GG of Independent India Lord Mountbatten Then C. Rajagopalachari
Longest tenure Viceroy Lord Linlithgow 1936–44 (8 years)
Father of Civil Service Lord Cornwallis —
Father of Local Self-Govt Lord Ripon 1882
Father of Subsidiary Alliance Lord Wellesley —
Father of Doctrine of Lapse Lord Dalhousie Extensive use
Liberator of Press Charles Metcalfe 1835
1st Income Tax James Wilson During Canning's tenure
Tiger of Bengal Lord Wellesley Nickname
Pen name "Owen Meredith" Lord Lytton —
"Saviour of India" (by Nightingale) Lord Ripon —
⚠️ Trap #1 — GG of Bengal vs GG of India
Warren Hastings = 1st GG of Bengal. Lord William Bentinck = 1st GG of India (Charter Act 1833). Dono "pehle" hain — lekin alag positions ke liye!
⚠️ Trap #2 — Canning = Last GG + First Viceroy
Lord Canning = Last Governor-General aur First Viceroy of India — ek hi person. GOI Act 1858 ke baad position naam badla.
⚠️ Trap #3 — Awadh = Misgovernance, Doctrine of Lapse nahi
Dalhousie ne Awadh 1856 mein "Misgovernance" (Kushasan) bolkar liya — Doctrine of Lapse se nahi. Baaki sab states = Doctrine of Lapse.
⚠️ Trap #4 — Income Tax = James Wilson, not Canning
Income Tax Canning ke tenure mein laga, lekin lagaya James Wilson (1st Finance Member) ne. MCQ mein dono options aate hain — who LEVIED = James Wilson.
⚠️ Trap #5 — Simon Commission: Announced vs Arrived
Simon Commission announced 1927 (London). India aaya 1928. Lord Irwin ke time. "Simon Go Back" naare February 1928 mein lage.
⚠️ Trap #6 — Linlithgow = Longest Viceroy
Lord Linlithgow = Sabse lamba tenure wala Viceroy (1936–1944 = 8 saal). Quit India Movement inke time hua.
⚠️ Trap #7 — Cornwallis ka tomb
Lord Cornwallis ka tomb = Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh. India mein tha aur yahan mara. Yeh unique fact aksar poochha jaata hai.
⚠️ Trap #8 — Victoria Memorial architect
Victoria Memorial Hall, Calcutta — construction Curzon ke time. Architect = William Emerson.
⚠️ Trap #9 — MAO College 1875 (Lytton ke time)
Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (1875) = Sir Syed Ahmad Khan ne sthapit kiya — yeh Lord Lytton ke tenure mein tha. Later AMU (1920) ban gaya.
⚠️ Trap #10 — Mountbatten = Last Viceroy + 1st GG India
Lord Mountbatten = Last Viceroy (pre-Independence) + 1st GG of Independent India. Uske baad C. Rajagopalachari = 1st Indian GG.
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